Why do organisms build tissues they seemingly never use?

ScienceDaily (Aug. 10, 2012) ? Why, after millions of years of evolution, do organisms build structures that seemingly serve no purpose?

A study conducted at Michigan State University and published in the current issue of The American Naturalist investigates the evolutionary reasons why organisms go through developmental stages that appear unnecessary.

"Many animals build tissues and structures they don't appear to use, and then they disappear," said Jeff Clune, lead author and former doctoral student at MSU's BEACON Center of Evolution in Action. "It's comparable to building a roller coaster, razing it and building a skyscraper on the same ground. Why not just skip ahead to building the skyscraper?"

Why humans and other organisms retain seemingly unnecessary stages in their development has been debated between biologists since 1866. This study explains that organisms jump through these extra hoops to avoid disrupting a developmental process that works. Clune's team called this concept the "developmental disruption force." But Clune says it also could be described as "if the shoe fits, don't change a thing."

"In a developing embryo, each new structure is built in a delicate environment that consists of everything that has already developed," said Clune, who is now a postdoctoral fellow at Cornell University. "Mutations that alter that environment, such as by eliminating a structure, can thus disrupt later stages of development. Even if a structure is not actually used, it may set the stage for other functional tissues to grow properly."

Going back to the roller coaster metaphor, even though the roller coaster gets torn down, the organism needs the parts from that teardown to build the skyscraper, he added.

"An engineer would simply skip the roller coaster step, but evolution is more of a tinkerer and less of an engineer," Clune said. "It uses whatever parts that are lying around, even if the process that generates those parts is inefficient."

An interesting consequence is that newly evolved traits tend to get added at the end of development, because there is less risk of disrupting anything important. That, in turn, means that there is a similarity between the order things evolve and the order they develop.

A new technology called computational evolution allowed the team to conduct experiments that would be impossible to reproduce in nature.

Rather than observe embryos grow, the team of computer scientists and biologists used BEACON's Avida software to perform experiments with evolution inside a computer. The Avidians -- self-replicating computer programs -- mutate, compete for resources and evolve, mimicking natural selection in real-life organisms. Using this software, Clune's team observed as Avidians evolved to perform logic tasks. They recorded the order that those tasks evolved in a variety of lineages, and then looked at the order those tasks developed in the final, evolved organism.

They were able to help settle an age-old debate that developmental order does resemble evolutionary order, at least in this computationally evolving system. Because in a computer thousands of generations can happen overnight, the team was able to repeat this experiment many times to document that this similarity repeatedly occurs.

Additional MSU researchers contributing to the study included BEACON colleagues Richard Lenski, Robert Pennock and Charles Ofria. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Michigan State University.

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Journal Reference:

1. Jeff Clune, Robert T. Pennock, Charles Ofria, Richard E. Lenski. Ontogeny Tends to Recapitulate Phylogeny in Digital Organisms. The American Naturalist, 2012; 180 (3): E54 DOI: 10.1086/666984

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/YJhrGK3W0rE/120810133155.htm

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1.5 million years of climate history revealed after scientists solve mystery of the deep

ScienceDaily (Aug. 9, 2012) ? A new study has successfully reconstructed temperature from the deep sea to reveal how global ice volume has varied over the glacial-interglacial cycles of the past 1.5 million years.

Scientists have announced a major breakthrough in understanding Earth's climate machine by reconstructing highly accurate records of changes in ice volume and deep-ocean temperatures over the last 1.5 million years.

The study, which is reported in the journal Science, offers new insights into a decades-long debate about how the shifts in Earth's orbit relative to the sun have taken Earth into and out of an ice-age climate.

Being able to reconstruct ancient climate change is a critical part of understanding why the climate behaves the way it does. It also helps us to predict how the planet might respond to human-made changes, such as the injection of large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, in the future.

Unfortunately, scientists trying to construct an accurate picture of how such changes caused past climatic shifts have been thwarted by the fact that the most readily available marine geological record of ice-ages -- changes in the ratio of oxygen isotopes (Oxygen 18 to Oxygen 16) preserved in tiny calcareous deep sea fossils called foraminifera -- is compromised.

This is because the isotope record shows the combined effects of both deep sea temperature changes, and changes in the amount of ice volume. Separating these has in the past proven difficult or impossible, so researchers have been unable to tell whether changes in Earth's orbit were affecting the temperature of the ocean more than the amount of ice at the Poles, or vice-versa.

The new study, which was carried out by researchers in the University of Cambridge Department of Earth Sciences, appears to have resolved this problem by introducing a new set of temperature-sensitive data. This allowed them to identify changes in ocean temperatures alone, subtract that from the original isotopic data set, and then build what they describe as an unprecedented picture of climatic change over the last 1.5 million years -- a record of changes in both oceanic temperature and global ice volume.

Included in this is a much fuller representation of what happened during the "Mid-Pleistocene Transition" (MPT) -- a major change in Earth's climate system which took place sometime between 1.25 million and 600 thousand years ago. Before the MPT, the alternation between glacial periods of extreme cold, and warmer interglacials, happened at intervals of approximately 41,000 years. After the MPT, the major cycles became much longer, regularly taking 100,000 years. The second pattern of climate cycles is the one we are in now. Interestingly, this change occurred with little or no orbital forcing.

"Previously, we didn't really know what happened during this transition, or on either side of it," Professor Harry Elderfield, who led the research team, said. "Before you separate the ice volume and temperature signals, you don't know whether you're seeing a climate record in which ice volume changed dramatically, the oceans warmed or cooled substantially, or both."

"Now, for the first time, we have been able to separate these two components, which means that we stand a much better chance of understanding the mechanisms involved. One of the reasons why that is important, is because we are making changes to the factors that influence the climate now. The only way we can work out what the likely effects of that will be in detail is by finding analogues in the geological past, but that depends on having an accurate picture of the past behaviour of the climate system."

Researchers have developed more than 30 different models for how these features of the climate might have changed in the past, in the course of a debate which has endured for more than 60 years since pioneering work by Nobel Laureate Harold Urey in 1946. The new study helps resolve these problems by introducing a new dataset to the picture -- the ratio of magnesium (Mg) to calcium (Ca) in foraminifera. Because it is easier for magnesium to be incorporated at higher temperatures, larger quantities of magnesium in the tiny marine fossils imply that the deep sea temperature was higher at that point in geological time.

The Mg/Ca dataset was taken from the fossil record contained in cores drilled on the Chatham Rise, an area of ocean east of New Zealand. It allowed the Cambridge team to map ocean temperature change over time. Once this had been done, they were able to subtract that information from the oxygen isotopic record. "The calculation tells us the difference between what water temperature was doing and what the ice sheets were doing across a 1.5 million year period," Professor Elderfield explained.

The resulting picture shows that ice volume has changed much more dramatically than ocean temperatures in response to changes in orbital geometry. Glacial periods during the 100,000-year cycles have been characterised by a very slow build-up of ice which took thousands of years, the result of ice volume responding to orbital change far more slowly than the ocean temperatures reacted. Ocean temperature change, however, reached a lower limit, probably because the freezing point of sea water put a restriction on how cold the deep ocean could get.

In addition, the record shows that the transition from 41,000-year cycles to 100,000-year cycles, the characteristic changeover of the MPT, was not as gradual as previously thought. In fact, the build-up of larger ice sheets, associated with longer glacials, appears to have begun quite suddenly, around 900,000 years ago. The pattern of Earth's response to orbital forcing changed dramatically during this "900,000 year event," as the paper puts it.

The research team now plan to apply their method to the study of deep-sea temperatures elsewhere to investigate how orbital changes affected the climate in different parts of the world.

"Any uncertainty about Earth's climate system fuels the sense that we don't really know how the climate is behaving, either in response to natural effects or those which are man-made," Professor Elderfield added. "If we can understand how earlier changes were initiated and what the impacts were, we stand a much better chance of being able to predict and prepare for changes in the future."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Cambridge, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. H. Elderfield, P. Ferretti, M. Greaves, S. Crowhurst, I. N. McCave, D. Hodell, and A. M. Piotrowski. Evolution of Ocean Temperature and Ice Volume Through the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition. Science, 10 August 2012: 704-709 DOI: 10.1126/science.1221294

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/wi1bkLc32lo/120809141623.htm

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Home Improvement Through The Use Of Simple Tips ...

Improve your home by cutting your energy costs. Check with your utility company to see if they offer energy audits of homes. There are a lot of changes you can make to make your home more energy efficient saving hundreds of dollars a year depending on the amount of changes you can make. It also adds a great selling point for a house for the future.

Cover all surfaces appropriately before starting an improvement project. If you are tearing down walls or kitchen cupboards, cover any surfaces that have a finish that might get scratched, including floors and nearby walls. If you are painting, make sure to use a dropcloth on the floor and painter?s tape with paper coverings for features such as doorknobs and light switch face plates.

There are a few electrical tasks that a non-expert can do around the home. One is replacing a light switch. After you turn off the electricity and remove the cover plate, detach the wires on the old switch and replace them in the same order on the new switch.

Changing a tire can be problematic if you don?t happen to be a very strong person. Loosening the lug nuts, in particular, can take more strength than many of us have. Use a cheater bar! A yard long piece of pipe that is just big enough to fit over the end of your lug wrench will give you that extra leverage to get the job done.

Do your homework before starting to demolish. It might seem easy, even fun, to rush into a demolition and start cutting holes or ripping down walls. Always check first for electrical wires or components that are still attached. It might be too expensive to completely remove the structure, so it?s better to double check first.

Consider replacing the front door to the home if it is looking outdated. If the door is in good shape but the door knob is getting flimsy, install a new one. This is the first thing that a potential buyer is going to see so you want to make sure that it looks as good as possible.

If you hate painting and paneling, try wallpaper. Wallpapering your home is a very simple and inexpensive way to add a new look to any room. Be cautious of which paper you choose, as some are much more difficult to remove than others, in the case you may not like it in the future.

When a home improvement project includes landscaping working, attention should be given to drainage in order to avoid standing water anywhere on the property. Standing water looks bad, hurts grass and can even pose a health hazard if it attracts insects. Every point on a property should either be sloped for good drainage or equipped with alternative drains.

If you do not have a friend or family member on hand to help you out with what you are doing, it is normally very easy to find cheap labor for assistance. If you live near an university, you can put up an ad asking for a student to help you out.

If you want to do all of the home improvements and not have to pay more in the long run by having someone else do it, you must start with having all of the essentials. If you do not have the tools that you need to complete your work, you will be wasting your time.

To save money on home maintenance, check all of your faucets and pipes for leaks and have them repaired quickly. Leaking faucets can waste quite a bit of water, costing you in higher bills. Also, pipes that are leaking within your walls or under your house can lead to serious water damage.

If you are looking to upgrade or renovate a room in your home, think about if you have the time and patience to complete the project yourself, or if you would be better suited to hiring a contractor or handyman to take control of the project. This way, you will be able to plan accordingly and get your project completed.

If you are going to do a large renovation to create a large master bathroom consider installing a separate shower and bathtub. This may not seem like something that is that important, but many buyers are more interested in homes that have separate areas for both, since two people can get ready at the same time.

Home improvement does not need to put you in the poor house. With a bit of know how and a bit of sweat, you can fix up your home without breaking the bank. Follow the tips outlined in this article and start the journey towards the home of your dreams.

Paris Gorsline has a column regarding Bedbugs

Source: http://articlereference.net/business/home-improvement-through-the-use-of-simple-tips.html

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Poor Credit Unsecured Financial loans ? Fast And Easy To Finance ...

Virtually 3 out of 4 individual credit score information includes glitches and the wrong details. By figuring out these errors and getting them eliminated, you can instantly improve your rating. By regulation, these reporting agencies ought to cleanse up their errors and give you the credit you deserve.

It really is ridiculously effortless to verify your credit score score ? and you should do it correct now. Why? Because an excellent score can conserve you countless numbers of bucks in fascination charges. You might not require a credit proper now but you may in a few a long time when you choose to buy a new vehicle or a residence, get married or travel the entire world. That is the second when individuals who know their rating and enhanced it ahead of time will have a killer benefit. But you have to function on it persistently. Get to know your score, comprehend what it implies and enhance it. This definitely is an simpler way to get loaded than skipping a latte now and then.

Make sure that each and every credit card, which is getting used is becoming employed to only about twenty% of its ability. That is going to make it very easy for you to know how much spending has been accomplished on the credit score card and how considerably stability is left in your account. This is just simple common sense. Use these Credit repair secrets and techniques to raise your credit score score on Credit Score Scale.

Look at it this way, for individuals who have superb file, you,??ll get a minimum curiosity charge than that of a man or woman who had a bad credit status. And that would indicate one element that you just can pay your loans even quicker and you?ll be ready to help save far more cash for your family members. Certainly, possessing a very good credit status and remaining that way would open up doorways and opportunities for you. Banking companies would offer you with special therapy.

Are you in fact absolutely positive what just APR credit score cards are all about? Numerous consumers do not understand the total concept of the % annual percentage charge. APR is an acronym for yearly percentage fee and it goes without having stating that the greater the rate of curiosity together with the greater stability you presently have on your recent credit card, the better quantity of cash flow you will conclude up shelling out for interest. Our mission below is to in actual simple fact help save capital, not finish up costing ourselves even a lot more.

Constructing and maintaining great credit is a lot more vital these days than actually. Whether we realize it or not, so several components of our every day financial lives revolve about our credit score worthiness scores. But you should not fret ? consent to these five need to know credit tips for pupils and you should not have any problems in any way.

Usually consumers can get a little bit puzzled about the proper way and the mistaken to enhance a FICO score. The notion of decreasing your boundaries is just a single of people ideas. The notion arrives from the rational that reduce credit boundaries indicates you are a less of a threat to a loan company due to the fact you can get your self into difficulty borrowing huge amounts of credit at any provided time. Considering that you are much less very likely to get by yourself into problems, the much better FICO sore must be. This is improper way and an incorrect way to believe about bettering a FICO rating.

Everyone all around the world need to discover out how credit score rating score scales performs and how they are being rated by the credit bureaus. Generally it can be an overpowering job of comprehension how credit rating ranking scales perform and what a great credit score score should search like.

You nonetheless have large costs and will be turned down for almost all significant loans. It is by no means way too quickly to start off organizing for your potential.
Credit Score Scale

Source: http://answers.apostoliccm.com/2012/08/poor-credit-unsecured-financial-loans-fast-and-easy-to-finance-immediate/

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The X-Gene

This topic is an Out Of Character part of the roleplay, ?The War of Mutants?. Anything posted here will also show up there.

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This is the auto-generated OOC topic for the roleplay "The X-Gene"

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Grateful Teens May Have Less Risk for Depression, Other Problems

SUNDAY, Aug. 5 (HealthDay News) -- For anyone raising teenagers, the idea of helping them feel grateful for everyday things may seem like a long shot; just getting them to mumble a "thank you" every now and then can be a monumental accomplishment.

But a new study suggests that helping teens learn to count their blessings can actually play an important role in positive mental health. As gratitude increases, so do life satisfaction, happiness, positive attitudes, hope and even academic performance.

Giacomo Bono, study author and a professor of psychology at California State University, Dominguez Hills, said it seems there's not much time these days for teens to pause and consider their appreciation of their friendships, activities they enjoy or even the food on the table.

But among those kids who say they feel grateful for a variety of things in their lives, Bono found an association with critical life skills such as cooperation, a sense of purpose, creativity and persistence.

"Gratefulness allows us to understand what matters most to us and translate that to a broader goal," said Bono. He is expected to present his research Sunday at the American Psychological Association annual meeting in Orlando, Fla.

The study involved 700 students living in New York, aged 10 to 14. The participants were white (67 percent), Asian American (11 percent), black (10 percent) and Hispanic (1.4 percent), and about 11 percent were other ethnicities or did not identify their race. The researchers took into account for socioeconomic factors and parental educational attainment, but not for religious beliefs.

The study authors defined grateful teens as having a disposition and moods that enabled them to respond positively to the good people and things in their lives, Bono said.

Students completed questionnaires in school at the beginning of the study and then four years later. Bono compared the results from the least grateful to the most grateful. He found those who were among the most grateful gained 15 percent more of a sense of meaning in their lives, became 15 percent more satisfied with their lives overall and became 17 percent more happy and hopeful about their lives. That group also had a 13 percent drop in negative emotions and a 15 percent decrease in symptoms of depression.

Bono said there's a strong link between having a sense of satisfaction with life and feeling grateful. "People who are grateful are more optimistic and hopeful, feeling they have the resources to be successful in their future," said Bono.

An expert involved in working with teens said it makes sense that gratitude would increase a teenager's sense of purpose in life. "I help kids become more aware of what they're grateful for, not just in treating depression, but in materialistic, busy, media-driven lives," said Alec Miller, chief of child and adolescent psychology at Montefiore Medical Center in New York City.

Interestingly, socioeconomic status doesn't appear to be linked to gratefulness. "You don't have to be rich to feel grateful," said Bono. "We've found poor kids are very appreciative when other people help them out."

Miller agreed. "I see Medicaid kids and children from wealthy homes in Westchester County, and I don't see any greater or lesser sense of gratitude from one group or another. It's fairly low in both groups," he said. "Unfortunately, our society isn't focused much on gratefulness; it's become out of vogue to talk about it," said Miller. "But I give these researchers credit for reviving interest in the topic."

Miller said he often asks kids what they're grateful for. When they can't identify anything much at all, he sees it as a danger sign of increased risk of severe depression and suicide. But developing a sense of gratitude in kids can help prevent the gradual erosion of self-esteem and build their sense of purpose and ability, he noted.

How can parents help instill a sense of gratitude in their children? Bono suggested parents start paying attention to their own sense of gratefulness and model it. "Talk about what you're grateful for, and ask your kids what they appreciate," he said. He also advised mentioning people who have helped in their lives: a teacher who stayed after class, a coach who made a difference. "Talking about gratitude helps guide us all to the things that matter most," he noted.

Because this research was presented at a meeting, the data and conclusions should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.

The research was funded by the John Templeton Foundation.

More information

Learn more about gratitude from the Greater Good Center at the University of California, Berkeley.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/grateful-teens-may-less-risk-depression-other-problems-160404212.html

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What is Business Networking? - Karinconway's Blog

What is Business Networking?

Posted by karinconway on August 7, 2012 ? Leave a Comment?

I was just looking back at this post on business networking I made earlier this year. If you missed it, check it out now. :-) KMC

Source: http://karinconway.wordpress.com/2012/08/07/1270/

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